A geometrically nonlinear variable-kinematics continuum shell element for the analyses of laminated composites

To facilitate further gains in structural efficiency, the use of composite materials engineering structures is on rise. Simultaneously, a drive for thinner components leading to behaviour that governed by elastic nonlinearities such as large deflections and instabilities. For efficient reliable design, numerical models must predict nonlinear displacements, well corresponding stress strain responses, both accurately at minimal computational cost. In this work, we present novel tensor-based variable kinematics continuum shell (VKCS) formulation geometrically total Lagrangian sense. The key contribution development validation model completely general terms its geometric kinematic descriptions. governing equations are derived presented tensorial form, which enables straightforward spatial mapping with complex curvatures. ‘variable-kinematics’ capability means element field variables can be refined hierarchical orthotropic manner, i.e. in-plane through-thickness displacements independently discretised using any polynomial functions arbitrary orders expansion. With feature, configurations tailored specific problems, whilst also achieving fast solution convergence rate through higher-order basis functions. validation, VKCS has been benchmarked against existing problems literature feature equilibrium paths. addition, have proposed two new benchmarks investigate 3D Cauchy snapped shallow roof, postbuckling wind turbine blade section. shown versatile tool allows user easily switch between multitude configurations, thus accommodate varying fidelity analyses required across different design stages. Furthermore, our demonstrated variable-kinematics requires fewer degrees freedom run time track stresses when compared conventional low-order elements. • A finite analysis laminated structures. Easily Shell discretisation. tracking roof post-buckling blades.